On the thinking Liang (1929)

 Liang: On the unity of thinking (1929)
(a)
have many things to be united should be unified, there are many things that can not be unity without unification. For example, we should be unified army, but what happens the control of tax, in place of the army to raise rates, the financial system disorders to the extreme; such as these should be unified but not uniform thing is I do not know how much we really want to join up and China's reunification should be done from this place to begin. Yet Declaration in general this year, speeches, newspapers, the often finds the . thinking of these things, I think is not unified, and it is not uniform.
individuals personal genetic, environmental education, so no two people's thoughts are the same. Chinese saying goes, as they face, thinking person, that is blindly follow the fool thought responsible only to his own intelligence, in other words, is responsible only for the truth; it can be killed by force, criminal law can punish, money can lure, but can not plunder a person's thinking. other kinds of freedom can be deprived of the net to do evil, only the freedom of thought is always the shining. a tyrant by force of arms and money to make thoughtful people can not express his thoughts, letters Shupu, newspaper closures, check the letters, and even regard them ; reactionary that hold revolutionary ideas, revolutionary in his thinking now seems just and right and proper about it, but in the original era of the Qing Dynasty is probably the revolutionary ideas of his reactionary strike? Manchu government persecution of the Sun Yat-sen, to do anything to However, Sun Yat-sen's thought four decades, Qu Wei is not offered, this is what we most admired. joined Sun Yat-sen in the forty years ago as the His revolutionary ideas had to be obedient to do the Qing Dynasty. So I said, thinking is not unified.
world there is no fixed absolute truth. the truth is not like the government in many countries like, may be one person, a family of the dominated occupation. of human civilization, they are able to gradually evolved, the superstition eradication, the life of the problem gradually resolved, is that there are many independent-minded people who dare to doubt, courage to try, to open the research Debate. thinking if reunification in , does it mean to be a dull thing fixed? Of course, we always thought he thought was right, but Who can say, ;? again, Some analysis of that person to. In today's increasingly complex so that when the academic who wishes to thinking, I really do not know that the person which sent the mind can abide in the center of all thinking. In Russia, they are rigorously enforce authoritarian ideas ideological unity, according to Russell told us that there was a professor of art at the time about the aesthetics but also in terms of Marx's observation points! Aesthetics and Marxism can be unified under the same physical and chemical mathematics music that can not be invited to Marx reunification? such unification, it is useless. in the political economy, the dispute may be a little more, but there is no right in thinking there are disputes, any responsible public release of thoughts, all may wish to tolerate that. We want to reunification of the country is to unity based on the true public opinion, not awed by the power of the combination of a temporary tolerance. so we are welcome all the different ideas that we know have the opportunity. Once upon a despotic emperor is said to be the power granted by God, absolutely not People suspected associate, or is the rebellious. Now, are specialized scientific political economy, and that an idea can be proved in an academic matter of fact most countries have an interest in that kind of thinking is most appropriate. If we from national standpoint, the idea is not uniform.
(b)
thinking that they are not unified and not uniform, as I said. If a certain force for unity, is bound to regard use of the following methods: (all Russell in his later, it is not easy to change easily, unless convinced by theoretical or empirical changes automatically. But when a person is naive, he is a white version of the brain through to a set of ideas and prejudices will be instilled into the have preconceived effect. Apart from a few other young people thinking about strong, most people are easily influenced to become gradually be no separate mechanical force yung thought the public. so long as after the students would shout slogans, will post signs, will be superficial understanding of that long list of fashionable term, but not thinking, not doubt, not creative; that people tend to command, suitable for doing law-abiding people, but no power to judge right and wrong, critics, do not nationals of the Republic . so arbitrary the result of education, we can think is have flexible thinking, and adaptability to the environment skills. instil-style education has become the past, and now seems to be not risen strike. Russell for European countries to narrow the patriotic idea of xenophobic ideas mixed in with history, which teaches students to listen, he also large enough to develop the people that abuse the wrong vision, an even more narrow than the patriotic thing, it is more in education should not be hard to go so we fill that, for the sake of unity of thinking and the use of educational institutions, although they could have very significant effect, but the result is not sound.
s second set from the publicity is publicity
not express thoughts in order to keep the empty hole of the term should be in the public eyes, so that people feel a kind of hypnotic strength, the formation of a dominant unconsciously influence public opinion, this is propaganda. For those who do not have much knowledge, publicity and powerful, can make him mentally by the anesthesia, unconsciously dominated by the publicity. For example , everywhere you see You know, the temptation to use the information to people, although you can produce very significant recent results, but the result does not lead to to think, as long as a tension caused by the air, so you Hulihutu to follow them, so the information can not be caused by thinking. mind is not unified.
s third is the use of political or economic power to exclude This is the negative alien means
, negative rule out There are more virulent than the way to do this. For example, for thinking of different people, trying to not be very professional, so that it can not be very professional, so that it can not be non-ideological capitulation to maintain life. In this way, general life issues to make in the appearance of only thinking of the kind words. another example, the previous examination system (the examination) from the theory side, it might be admitted as a public fair and square, but from the way side, there is nothing wrong place. Examination of the test only once stereotyped, but classics an old thing, if you have new ideas, not test your ideas, if you have new comments, you are not allowed to express a new discussion. So the result of examination is generate a group of bookish scholar, Doufang celebrities, numerous young people thinking Qiangzei! So you were almost the examination system is in its in an open, not to do a series of standards is a school of doctrine, but as a test of true knowledge of the subjects .
three methods cited above, can not cause real thinking, can only barely make in the appearance of all-way, and such high-handed means of high pressure to maintain only a temporary situation, pressed for a long time after inevitably occur many extreme reactionary forces intense enough to lead to social chaos.
(c)
if the method used for the sake of the unity of thinking, on the one hand can not reach the real purpose of thinking On the other hand was able to output a great disadvantage. who must unify their thinking, the result will be lured to the country's people to go inside the three categories: the first is really thinking of the people, the absolute unity of thinking does not go along with the theory, such a person to retreat when they absolutely had to Yinhui wrote books, or actually advocated the revolutionary anger. The second category is people who educated the courage, duplicity of those in power, such people are opportunists, is the villain . The third category is no thinking man, the mind is simple, just know that blind obedience.
these three people, the first category is eliminated, leaving only the speculators and the blind obedience of the masses. How can a people by the the backbone of such a person to do, how dangerous it can be?
under the situation in the thinking, not easy to have before ideological beliefs, then we can see that gay and non gay difference. If the use of threats and inducements of the means to seek unity of thinking, in addition to exclusion of other thoughtful people, only the speculators and the masses blind obedience, and how to be worthy of the name of loyal comrades can not but one way out of reluctance, so thinking is not only futile, but also detrimental.
(d)
Foreigners often say we free the country of China is the top state, although thousands of years of government is tyranny, but freedom of thought to the extreme. This view is right in the past, and now I'm afraid it changed the strike. from the point of view of Chinese history, Confucianism, though orthodox, but ideas are still not home free of the spread, of course, history There are also guardians of wing to teach people, but thinking of all stripes will not experience severe toxicity how ruthless oppression. literary inquisition have been more than one back, but the authorities are fully based on the implementation of violence, and what is not an excuse for thinking the United States name. foreigners in China, the most surprised to learn that there are several religions coexist, but had never been uttered in Europe generally large-scale trouble. before and after the May Fourth movement, freedom of thought in particular is in Japan can not speak of communism, in China can say, in the United States can not talk about birth control in China can say. This may be entirely due to China's rulers over the years too Hunkui? no knowledge, neglect of preventive strike? But not all. British politicians some scholars, genius is not in the UK there had been a!
Historically, human activity is always a bright opening the way towards generally go to the gradual elimination of superstition, perhaps inadvertently create a new superstition, but in general always strive for Thought its liberation, definitely not deliberate to retreat. especially the revolution, the revolution is always the liberation movement, should be sympathetic to the free. Perhaps after the revolution, there occurred a new authoritarian situation, but definitely not the revolutionary movement itself, As for people actually using the high pressure of the policy constraints.
we are asking is: tolerance! We want freedom of thought, freedom to express thoughts, we want the law to give us freedom. We have nothing to teach Marxism people, there is no plan to break the status quo, but renowned for issue will be thinking, thinking we should use their brains a little reason to think we should say it, write it, we would all have freedom of thought, so can not advocate free education.
We are opposed to thinking!
we require freedom of thought!
we advocate a free education!
the right after the text had already been booked, in the newspaper that the Conference of the National Publicity records of three meetings, there are Three Principles of all literary and artistic works (such as broken funeral???? nationalism, reflecting the feudal ideology, advocating class struggle and other artistic works). unified literary work. But I do not know, years, two years or three years, any who please the faithful comrades to create a , let alone a political doctrine? by the reunification of China Reunification to unified art, and art I am afraid this thing is not easy to strike unity? preaching class struggle literary and artistic works, I do not agree, and it stresses that any the promotion of any doctrine of work, I do not think that the number of literary value. literary value, not to do a tool, the purpose of art in itself. Maybe someone can create Three Principles of the literature, I do not want people to stop writing columns, But I can tell you in advance, you may not be created out of a literature and art. so-called not necessarily in favor, not necessarily opposed to, how can general ban? the Red Chamber, Water Margin, The Scholars, and so the novel, inevitably, funeral???? national life Three People's Principles, I think, or just let it go to stop the development!
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