Wikipedia cards Somalia

 Wikipedia card
Somalia Somalia Flag of the Federal Republic (The Somalia Democratic Republic, also translated as Somalia has been in the armed separatist warlords, the country disintegrated anarchy. located in the north-west Somalia, Somaliland and Puntland tend to integrate the central and southwest of the country are de facto independence of Somalia.
Chinese name: Federal Republic of Somalia < br> English name: The Somalia Democratic Republic
Abbreviations:
Somalia Capital: Mogadishu
major city: Hargeisa, Kismayo, Merca
National Day: 7, 1960 1st
Anthem: Somalia Awakening
country code: SOM
official languages: Somali, Arabic
Currency: Somali shilling
Time Zone: East Zone 3
population : 9,558,666 (2008)
Population density: 13 people / km
major ethnic: Somalia, Arab
major religions: Islam
land area: 637,657 square kilometers
water rates : 1.6%
GDP Total: $ 5,575,000,000 (2007)
per capita GDP: 600 dollars (2007)
international telephone code: 252
international domain abbreviations: so
Somalia map < br> flag
rectangular, length and width ratio of 3:2. The flag is light blue, the middle of a white five-pointed star. light blue is the color of the United Nations flag, managed by the United Nations in Somalia and independent those initiatives. pentacle symbol of African freedom and independence; five angles represent the original five regions of Somalia; Italy is Somalia (now Southern), British Somalia (now North), French Somalia (now Djibouti gained its independence), and now part of Kenya and Ethiopia.

logo emblem emblem Somalia
middle coat of arms, shields the surface of the Somali national flag. shield emblem top is a crown, a symbol of independence , one on each side of the Somali leopard, a symbol of dignity, courage, strength and power. shield emblem with two crossed spears and below the two pieces of palm leaves, also decorated with a ribbon.
capital, Mogadishu
( Mogadishu), population 70 million (2002 estimate). hot season average temperature of 26-32 ℃, cool season average temperature 23-28 ℃.

Head of State President Sheikh Sharif. Sheikh. Ahmad (English: Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, Somali: Sheekh Shariif Sheekh Axmed) 2009 年 1 31 in the elected president.
important festivals
Independence Day: June 26. National Day: July 1 ( establishment of the Republic of Somalia).
currency
Somali shilling Somali Shilling. SOS 1SOS = 100 cents (points)
country code
252
Overview
Somalia is located in the eastern Somalia, the African continent Peninsula, a coastline of 3,200 kilometers, southeast coastal plains, the Gulf of Aden coastal lowlands, inland plateau, the northern mountainous. most of the area is a tropical desert climate, the southwest to savannah climate, high temperature and dry throughout the year round, river scarce, the main rivers are the River Shabelle and Juba.
before the 17th century BC, established a spice known for producing the The popularity of .1840, the British invasion of the northern coast of .1887, the North became a British protectorate, known as the British Somali .1925, the South became the Italian colony of Somalia, said the intention is .1960 on June 26, in the northern region independent .1960 on July 1, independent of the southern region, with the Nichinan and northern part of the merger, the establishment of the Republic of Somalia in October .1969 renamed the Somali Democratic Republic, in February 1991 its current name.
livestock for the economy Lord, is the world's per capita one of the largest cattle. about 80% of the population to husbandry and farming and animal husbandry for a living. livestock and more sheep, cattle, camels largest country in the world. to nomadic or semi-nomadic way Lord. Cultivated land is mainly concentrated in the southern Juba and Shabelle River. crops are bananas, sugar cane, cotton, sorghum, corn and so on. specialties frankincense, myrrh and gum arabic. as the world's largest spice producers. industries are food, cigarettes , leather, textiles, sugar, building materials, canned fish and other enterprises. mining beryl, gypsum, uranium, mineral exploitation has yet to iron, manganese, niobium, lead, zinc, tin and so on. of total export value of livestock and their products 80%, the second largest banana exports, but also exports leather, frankincense, myrrh and fish and so on. imported oil, machinery, vehicles, food, daily necessities and so on. a person without a rail, land transport by road-based. < br> Geography
area of 630,000 square km (1985). located in the eastern part of Somalia, the African continent Peninsula. bounded by the Gulf of Aden, Somalia, the east near the Indian Ocean, west of Kenya and Ethiopia, Djibouti, the Northwest community. coastline of 3200 kilometers. the eastern coastal plains, coastal Duosha Qiu; the Gulf of Aden coast of the original lowland Jiban Ping; 500-1,500 meters above sea level in central Somalia plateau, from north to south and south-east descending; northern mountainous; southwest of steppe, semi-desert and desert. Su Lade Hill 2,400 meters above sea level, the highest peak. The main rivers are Shabelle and Juba rivers. most of the area is a tropical desert climate, southwestern tropical grassland climate, year-round hot, dry dry. annual rainfall from south to north from 500 -600 mm to 100 mm below the desert and semi-desert and savannah widespread. In addition to the south of Juba and Shabelle River, other rivers are intermittent streams.

population natural growth rate of 2.2%, must Most of the Somali people. National sub-Sama Lai and Sabu two clans. Sama Lai ethnic lines, accounting for more than 80% of the population is divided into Daluo De, Hawiye, Dir Isaac, and the four tribes . Sabu clans are divided into two tribes Diji Er and Rahanwein. The six sub-tribes are divided into dozens of tribes. The official language is Somali and Arabic, English and Italian. Islam is the state religion. < br> History
1700 years BC, the Horn of Africa that appeared to produce spices known, Indian Ocean to establish trade points and had several centuries to establish the Sultanate of .13 over the feudal empire. from 1840 onwards, Britain, Italy and France have colonialists invaded and carved up Somalia .1887 become a British protectorate in the north; 1885 Italy began to invade the central to the whole of 1925, southern Italy, reduced to .1941 of the British colonial control of the Somalia. World War II, the original UN resolution 1949, Italy invaded and occupied areas to pay the Italian custody. Britain, Italy has been forced in 1960 agreed to the British and Italian Somalia is the Somali Independence (June 26, 1960 Cable North independence, July 1st District, independence Sonam), in the same year the two merged on July 1 of the Somali Republic .1969 , Sok National Army commander Mohammed. Siad. Barre coup came to power, the establishment of the Somali Democratic Republic of the .1976 was established in July, president.
1991 年 1 月 Siad regime was overthrown, cable into a civil war, the coexistence of multiple regime In 1991 February, Ali. Mahdi. Mohammed set up a new government, the self-proclaimed President . Casin successor on May 1, government, with himself as , Abdullahi. northeastern Yusuf in cable set up the has been in the armed separatist warlords, the country disintegrated anarchy. domestic factions playing stop, through continuous differentiation mix, gradually, a Somaliland, Puntland, blue, and Aidid and other Rahanwein quarter of Mogadishu faction the pattern of the world. The international community has 12 mediation cable problem, no result.
2000, the domestic situation claims more calm, positive progress in the peace process .5 month, Djibouti hosted the cable of the cable as the main non-governmental forces national and Council (also known as Farm sworn .10 months, the transitional government set up cable. The new regime came to power, have been the resumption of capital order, disarm the militias, tribal reconciliation and a series of measures to purge the country, while actively attended including the United Nations Millennium Summit, including a variety international conferences, visit the neighboring and Arab countries, seeking recognition and assistance. but the main author of the new government in the country is not recognized by warlords, and by the boycott, its activities limited to the capital of a corner, unable to effective governance, but also inability to control the country. cable still on the state of warlordism. the international community to claim the sidelines more than the new regime, only a small part of the Arab countries to provide assistance. Meanwhile, in Ethiopia and other neighboring countries with the support of the local government building boom cable the development of the northern Somaliland, Puntland autonomous system is being completed, the central Hiran region self-government was established in December 20, southern Jubaland, Southwest State Government has also in preparation.
2001, the overall domestic situation claims calm. TNG relationship is still tense with the main factions, their control of the site is still limited to a corner of the capital, Mogadishu, in the internal affairs and diplomatic achievements are no more. Cable gradually integrate the various forces and anti-TNG TNG two groups: 2 months, TNG and faction in Mogadishu warlords to sign the settlement agreement Kenya Lei, smoking Nakenyalei into the interim government; March, the Somali National Alliance by the Aidid faction, Sony Ericsson State sports, Rahanwein Resistance Army, Southern Somali National Movement and the United Somali Congress / North Mogadishu faction sent a coalition of five anti-TNG Union argued that multi-party system and other provisions of the new constitution, marking the independence of Somaliland in the search for a step on the road and stepped into. Puntland, since the end of June should be the end of term of office of President Yusuf refused to step down before, and Puntland National Assembly elected by the new primary Xi Guma armed conflict, the state leadership struggle erupted.
The goal, on one hand claim preventive blockade to prevent the Government status.
the international community to continue to pay attention to and promote the peace process in Somalia. The United Nations Security Council repeatedly discussed the issue claim to support the East African territorial integrity and calls on countries to stop interfering in the internal affairs of claim, to urge the factions and the TNG TNG anti-dialogue, reconciliation and called on the TNG show the flexibility of .2 months, the Yemeni government submitted to the IGAD Council of Ministers Sok reconciliation plan .11 months and 12 months, Kenyan President Daniel arap Moi in Nairobi hosted two cable reconciliation and dialogue, seeking to reconcile the contradiction between the factions. but the main leaders refused participation SRRC, and will not bear fruit. SRRC refused to participate in the TNG-led the peace process, external mediation cable fatigue, deep deadlock in the peace process in Somalia.
2002, the domestic situation claims while maintaining the overall calm, and some of the major factions within factions compete for sites and rights around the struggle continues and the emergence of new combinations and power fluctuation differentiation. TNG in Mogadishu, controlled by local warlords, seized parts, has further weakened. SSRC factions continue to maintain joint situation. Somaliland, the situation remained stable, May 3 former President Yusuf and Puntland in the National Assembly elected new master Xi Guma armed conflict between the upper hand, and their supporters will be expelled from the Puntland Jia on August 30 and announced the formation of the new ; cabinet. concern and to promote peace process in Somalia. The United Nations Security Council repeatedly discussed the issue and claim a presidential statement, called on States to strictly abide by relevant UN Security Council arms embargo on the claim resolution reaffirming respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity of the cable, cable called on countries to stop interfering in internal affairs The parties urged the anti-TNG dialogue with the TNG. The US-led counter-terrorism strategy Western countries need to increase because of global issues on the cable input, encouraging claims on neighboring countries and regional organizations concerned parties to exert influence on cable, no cable end through peace talks Government status, the eradication of terrorism on the soil .1, East Africa, a rope and will, the three countries for their mutual security interests and other considerations to compromise and coordinate their positions, increase efforts to promote peace factions claim. TNG was the main factions, including the refusal, lack of international recognition of external circumstances, forced to give up the Lower Dir 14 cable and will be on October 15 held in Eldoret, Kenya, in addition to almost all of Somaliland claims outside the political and military factions and civil society are represented in the meeting; 27, signed by the faction leaders meeting the second stage, the participating parties decided to set up six thematic committees: Committee on Federalism and the interim charter, demobilization, disarmament and resettlement committee, Committee on the Rights of land and property, economic recovery, institution building and resource mobilization committee, regional and International Relations Committee, They instructed the drafting meetings and conferences to the leaders of the proposals submitted. but Somaliland continues to refuse to attend and will also actively seek international recognition of its independence.
2004 年 2 23, meeting with representatives of all the Somali peace talks by claim AU, EU, IGAD countries and the world's other major countries are welcome. more than the president, a foreign hair to his message, .11 3 December, President Yusuf appointed Ali. Moha Ahmed. Gedi as Prime Minister of the Transitional Government and the cable composition of the Transitional Federal Government.
Constitution
transition current constitution charter for Somalia, in February 2004, the Somali peace talks by all deputies to take effect. the provisions of Islam is the state religion. unicameral, parliamentary return of all legislative power. regime for president republic, the president as head of state, held the real power. The Premier directs the work of the Committee of Ministers, the Committee of Ministers responsible to Parliament. transitional parliament will be of 5 years from the 275-member.
administrative divisions
country is divided into 18 states, under the 87 regional, district and village under the jurisdiction of the town. states as follows: Lower Juba, Middle Juba, Gedo, Lower Shabelle, Middle Shabelle, Benadir, Baidoa, Bake Er, Hiran, Jiaergudu Germany, Mudug, Nugal, Barry, Sanaag, Tuoge Dyer, Hargeisa, Ava Dale, sul.

Somali factions of political parties, tribes with a strong color, the School continue to divide portfolio reaches up to more than 30. At present the major parties are:
(1) the Somali National Movement (Somali National Movement): referred to as the pro-democracy movement, founded in London in 1981 and 1982, located in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia headquarters. comprise a majority of the Isaac family. Department of the North strongest, most influential power of armed factions after the fall of Siad In 1991, control of the north-west, the north declared Republic. February 1997 re-election on May 31 .2001, Somaliland held a referendum with independence by the provisions of the new constitution .7, Egal into conflict with the opposition because of Hargeisa was established in the Martini and 杜尔巴亨特 times weekly clan-based. Control Cable .1993 Northeast and central region split into two factions, one to save the array former Chairman of the Mohammed. Abu Hill. Moussa (Mohamed Abhsir Musse) led by those who know of any previous military leaders Abdullahi. .1998 July, led by Yusuf, Yusuf northeastern Somalia, the United Democratic Union and the United Somali Party and other small factions, the establishment of ; autonomous government, with himself as The General Assembly elected Jama. Ali. Jama as the second president of Puntland, Ahmed. Mahmoud. Gu Enlai as deputy chairman. Yusuf refused to recognize the election results, the two sides of armed conflict .2002 August, especially in the JIA and their supporters out and announced the formation of Puntland, the new ethnic composition of Rahanwein, Chairman and chief Mohamed. Nour. 夏尔古杜德 (Mohamed Nur Shatihudud) .1999 on December 9, in Bahia - Bake Er regime .2000 establishment of autonomous regions, Rahanwein Resistance Army participated in the Alta and the Council's Resistance Army General Cable de Transitional Parliament was elected, but has not been the main 席夏尔古杜德 for benefits, and will be withdrawn and the new regime on the support of .2002 3 31, Rahanwein Resistance Army (RRA) in Baidoa meeting decided to set up internal conflicts that occur with 夏尔古杜德, and summer and their supporters out of Baidoa.
(4) of the Somali National Alliance (Somali National Alliance): referred to as the RCD, established in 1992, comprise mainly In 1995 June the Hawiye clan split into the Ottoman. Hassan. Ali. Atto (Osman Hassan Ali Ato), led by the NLD / Atto camp and to Muhammad. Farah. Aidid led RCD / Aidid Aidid faction .1996 August after the death of his son Hussein. Mohammed. Aidid succeeded to the throne the year 1999, AI sent for supporting the liberation of Ethiopia's rebel Oromo Front and the Ethiopian conflict, was hit .2001, AI faction against the TNG and the other four factions formed the Movement): short love movement, established in 1989, mainly members of the Ogaden sub-clan affiliated Da Luode family, is a major force to overthrow the regime of Siad. control of the southern port of Kismayo and the surrounding area. Later, because faction split into two factions. faction to Ahmed. Omar. Jess (Ahmed Omar Jess) led one to become part of RCD, those who know the Ardennes. Abdallahi. Nour (Aden Abdillahi Nur) as Chairman, President Siad's son by former Vice-Presidents and military leaders Morgan (palm real power) the year 1999 in June, Jie Sipai together with the Aidid faction, seized Kismayo from Morgan. Morgan sent the main been eliminated.
(6) Somali Salvation Alliance (Somali Salvation Alliance): Back in 1993, referred to as the SSA was established early by the United Somali Congress Ali. Mahdi. Muhammad School and composed of 11 factions , mainly members of the Hawiye clan, Mahdi President. controlled north Mogadishu and surrounding areas in March .1998 alliance with the Aidid faction, jointly set up in Mogadishu, Benadir administration However, adverse business year 1999 in May, Moussa. Sudi (Musa Sude) seizure of power, control, rescue leagues, Mahdi retreat abroad. save the Union and the Aideed faction enemies instead.
important people < br> A Budi Kassem. salat. Hassan: Somali transitional government president .1941 years old, a subsidiary of the Hawiye clan Hubble - Di Jier times tribal people. graduated from Moscow University, Department of Biology, In 1973 from the successive Cable Industry Minister, Minister of Information and National Guidance, Sports Minister, Minister of Public Works, Culture and Higher Education Minister, Minister of State for Economic Affairs Office of the President in September as Siad .1990 Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior. .2000 exile after the outbreak of civil war on August 26 claims the transitional government was elected president, was sworn in August 27. friendship with China, had visited China in February 1978.
Hussein. Mohammed. Aidid: RCD / Ai School President, who claims self-proclaimed In 1987 the Civil Engineering degree in the United States and joined the U.S. Marine Corps, a reserve officer, the rank of sergeant in December of 1992 and the implementation of the U.S. military claim U.S. liaison officer with his father In 1995 6 joking self-styled President Aidid and self-government, back to August index succeeded his father In 1996, he served as (SRRC) after the establishment of the five co-chairs of Ai become one of SRRC. married, friendship with China. Dashiell. rials. Kashin: Somaliland tribe, had long served as Siad government secret police, was appointed in 1997 Somaliland one of the least developed countries. livestock-based economy, weak industrial base.
[1] the nationalization policy excesses, coupled with natural disasters and other factors, .80 years of severe economic difficulties, the World Bank and the International IMF support, the adjustment of economic policy, emphasizing the priority to the development of agriculture, the progressive introduction of economic liberalization, relaxation of trade restrictions to encourage foreign and private investment, removal of agricultural price controls, the implementation of shilling depreciation of the dollar auction, and other measures to tighten fiscal spending, In 1991 the economy was better, due to successive years of civil strife, industrial and agricultural production and infrastructure was severely damaged, total economic collapse.
GDP (1995): $ 1,563,000,000
per capita GDP (1991): $ 150
GDP growth (1990): -1.6%
Currency: Somali shilling (Somali shilling)
Somaliland shillings (Somaliland shilling) (in Somaliland region flow)
Exchange rate: 1 U.S. dollar = 21,000 Somali shillings (May 2002)
1 U.S. dollar = 6,800 Somaliland shillings (May 2002)
inflation rate (2002) : 20%
(Source: 2002 Economic Quarterly Review, etc.)

resources are iron, tin, manganese, tungsten, nickel, chromium, magnesium, zinc, aluminum, uranium, quartz stone, green pillars and plaster. In addition, oil and gas. In addition to beryl and gypsum, the most deposits were not developed. rich fishery resources, forest coverage is 13%.

industrial output value of industrial gross domestic product 8.7% of GDP (1990). to small and medium enterprises based, the main industrial sectors are textiles, leather, sugar, pharmaceuticals, tobacco, food processing, oil refining, power and building materials industries during the chaotic years .1991 , industrial production stalled.
agricultural
country has 8.2 million hectares of arable land, accounting for 13% of land area. have been cultivated only 100 million hectares of agricultural output accounted for about .1990 of GDP to 20% agricultural population accounts for 30% of the total population. food insufficiency. The main crops are sorghum, maize, rice, beans, sesame, cotton, sugar cane and bananas. frankincense 600 tons, 200 tons of myrrh, each In 1995 half of world production output of 420,000 tons of grain (FAO estimates).
main crop production in recent years are as follows (unit: tons)
1999 2000 2001
sorghum, maize 143 210 210
62 100 100
rice and beans 14 15 15
222 22 23 23
sesame sugar cane 210 220 220
banana 50 55 55
(Source: Economic Quarterly Review of Somalia in 2002)
Livestock
major economic pillars, its output value accounts for about 40% of the gross domestic product. the main breeding cattle, sheep, camels (camel breeding lines than any other country the world in 1998, an estimated 5.7 million), etc., 2000 livestock products in total exports, exports accounted for 65%.
recent years, the number of livestock exported through Berbera port (head):
1999 年 September-December 2000 September-December 2001 September to December < br> Sheep and goats, 9556,772 69,508 8,485
Cattle 34,491 2,986 9,226
camels 17,212 2,005
fisheries
rich fishery resources. It is estimated that the annual catch of up to 18 tons, but due to fishing way behind, not sales volume restrictions and other factors, the current annual catch of only 2 million tons. Because there is no strong central government claims that foreign fishing vessels poaching in the territorial claim is serious. claim part of the factions to foreign fishing companies sale of fishing permits.
Transportation Transportation
backward, the territory of the main highway and no railroad.
Highway: 15,215 km total length of main roads, of which 2,880 km paved road, in addition to the territory of Somaliland part of the road, the most dilapidated. inland transport mainly by cars and camels.
Water: maritime transport accounts for an important position, a major port south of Mogadishu and Kismayo, the north Bopei pull and Bossaso. As the fighting when the South, the North Port is undertaking two major tasks .1997 sea, the EU funding of Berbera and Bossaso to a certain degree of modernization of the year 1999 in May, the EU plan sponsor 1,500,000 Berbera Port of dollars building.
air: There are 61 small and large airports, most of the poor condition of the runway without bedding. Mogadishu and Berbera international airport can accommodate large passenger .2001 reconstruction to the Somaliland thousands of fixed telephone and mobile phone ownership is 1.5.
Finance
Somaliland only to have a more sound administrative bodies, can carry out normal economic operation of the .2000, Somaliland budget revenue of 750 billion Somaliland shillings, or about $ 26,000,000. 85% of government revenue from tariffs Baipei Hong Kong. In 2000, Somalia in total debt was 25.6 billion U.S. dollars. In recent years, because of the war and the closure of the banks began to recover. now claim a larger The banks are: the Central Bank of Somaliland, Puntland Central Bank (established August 1999), Somalia Barakaat Bank (Mogadishu in 1996, opened .2001 branch of the United States and Europe were closed) and Somalia - Malaysia Commercial Bank (Mogadishu, opened in April 1997).

trade foreign trade occupies an important position in the economy, but year after year deficit. traditional export livestock commodities (the 20th century, 90 million head of annual exports of about 300-350), bananas, frankincense, myrrh and leather. mainly imported crude oil, machinery and spare parts, food, vehicles, building materials, pharmaceuticals and textiles. major trading partner for Saudi Arabia, Yemen, United Arab Emirates, Djibouti, Kenya and other countries. which claims Saudi Arabia's largest export market in 2002, major trading partners, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates (respectively accounting for 34% of total exports), Yemen (16%), Oman (8%), Djibouti and Kenya are imported cable ...